Injection Pump

Description

The injection pump pumps the fuel to each injection nozzle. The injection pump functions to control the fuel injection volume and timing.

1.	Fuel suction
The feed pump draws the fuel from the fuel tank, and compresses it into the pump housing.
2.	Fuel pumping
One plunger is used to send the highly pressurized fuel to each injection nozzle by reciprocated movement with rotating.
3.	Injection volume control
The governor controls the injection volume and the engine output. The governor functions to control the maximum engine speed to prevent the engine from overrunning and stabilize idling speed.
4.	Injection timing control
The timer controls the injection timing in proportion to the engine speed. The internal parts of the injection pump are lubricated and cooled by the fuel Summary of Operation Turning the ignition switch on causes the fuel cut-off solenoid valve to be pulled in and the passage between the pump housing and the plunger to open. When the feed pump rotates, the fuel is drawn up from the fuel tank, passes through the sedimenter and the fuel filter, and enters the pump housing after the pressure is regulated by the regulating valve. The plunger draws the fuel from the pump housing into the pressure chamber during its downward movement (moves to the left), and compresses the fuel highly to distribute it to each delivery valve during the upward movement (moves to the right). After passing through the delivery valve, the fuel is introduced into the nozzles via the high-pressure pipes, from which the fuel is injected into the cylinders. At the same time, the internal parts of the pump are lubricated and cooled by the fuel. A portion of the fuel returns to the fuel tank from the over flow screw, in order to control the increase of the fuel temperature in the pump.

Necessity of Turbocharger and Supercharger

The turbocharger and supercharger are devices that force air into the cylinders creating a pressure that is greater than the atmospheric pressure in order to increase engine output.
Generally, the engine output is determined by the amount of the air-fuel mixture, burned over a specified period of time, and becomes greater as the amount of the air-fuel mixture increases.
That means in order to increase the engine output, either the engine displacement or engine speed must be increased.
The problem is that as engine displacement increases, engine weight also increases and factors such as friction loss, vibration and noise of moving parts limit the increase of the engine speed. The super charger meets the opposing requirements of increasing engine output while keeping it compact and lightweight by supplying greater volumes of air and fuel without changing engine size.
The devices are driven by two methods: The turbocharger is driven by exhaust gas and the supercharger is driven by the engine. Toyota adopted the turbocharger in 1980, and the supercharger in 1985 in Japan. Presently in 2002, only the turbocharger is used in overseas models.

Features of Turbocharger and Supercharger

Both the turbocharger and supercharger are a kind of air pump, which force the air into the cylinder to increase the mass of the intake air. The conventional engine draws air in, using the vacuum generated when the piston goes down.
The pressure inside the intake manifold becomes higher because the turbocharger or supercharger force the intake air into the cylinders at a pressure (boost pressure) higher than atmospheric pressure. Thus, the mass of the intake air into the cylinder is increased.

Description

The turbocharger is a device which uses the energy of the exhaust gas to rotate the turbine wheel at high speeds. There is a compressor wheel on the same shaft as the turbine wheel which compresses air into the cylinders when it is rotated.
In this way, engine output is increased.

The waste gate valve and actuator prevent the boost pressure from rising too high. Some models are equipped with an intercooler to lower the temperature of the compressed intake air and improve the charging efficiency ratio. NOTICE:
Caution is necessary for handling vehicles because the turbocharger becomes extremely hot due to the exhaust gases.
Also, it is necessary to faithfully replace the engine oil at the determined replacement interval.
Refer to the “Precautions for Turbocharger” for more information.

ALPHARD

The Toyota Alphard is a luxury MPV produced by the Japanese automaker

Toyota since 2002. It is available as a seven or eight-seater with 2.4 and 3.0-litre gasoline engines in 3 different model lines - Alphard G, Alphard V and Alphard Hybrid. The Alphard is primarily made for the Japanese market, but is also sold in Indonesia, Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Singapore Thailand,[2] and Malaysia. The vehicle was named after the Alphard, the brightest star in the constellation Hydra.

Toyota states its "E-Four electric 4WD system that regulates a rear-mounted, rear-wheel-propelling electric motor and coordinates electric power distribution to all four wheels. An ECB (Electrically Controlled Brake system) provides efficient wheel-by-wheel brake control."

The full-size Alphard Hybrid MPV qualifies as an Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV), achieving levels 75% lower emissions than the Japanese government's 2000 benchmark. The 2.4-litre gasoline engine has been developed specifically for use in Toyota's hybrid systems and features a high-expansion ratio cycle that raises efficiency and reduces friction.In 2006, a Royal Lounge Alphard was introduced. It is a luxurious, four-seat version of the Alphard.

Electronic Throttle Controlled System-inteligent (ETCS-i) or "By-wire" technology

The Alphard Hybrid uses "by-wire" technology that monitors brake pedal pressure and vehicle speed in order to calculate the optimum hydraulic pressure. By-wire works with the E-Four to maximize the collection of kinetic energy from braking for conversion into electric power.

The Alphard Hybrid Minivan can generate up to 1,500 watts and is equipped with standard 100-volt AC power outlets, allowing a wide range of appliances to be used, such as laptops and emergency lights. The electrical outlets can also be used to recharge items such as power-assisted bicycles and electric carts, adding a new dimension to leisure activities.

The Alphard Hybrid also offers some advanced safety features not seen on other hybrids. In fact, standard on the "G edition" and optional on standard grades are ( with a G-BOOK compatible DVD voice navigation system):Blind Corner Monitor, which indicates the approach of other vehicles or pedestrians from the left and right

Back Guide Monitor with a color CCD camera and voice-guidance function, which uses signals from a steering sensor to calculate the likely reverse path during reversing and display it on the monitor screenLane-monitoring system that uses images from the Back Guide Monitor camera to measure the lateral distance to white or yellow lines on major highways and triggers an alarm when the distance falls below a pre-set levelRadar Cruise Control, which uses laser radar sensors and steering sensors to keep track of the vehicle's lane and any preceding vehicle and ensures that a safe distance is maintained in accordance with vehicle speed

Built-in electronic toll collection

In addition, optional on all grades is a built-in electronic toll collection unit that allows for quick tollgate pass-through (only available with a navigation system). The Alphard Hybrid achieves approximately 42 mpg and boasts an insulated body and newly developed two-way compressor that is incorporated in the motor to optimize the use of the air conditioner, conserving fuel. The Alphard Hybrid's specially developed windshield glass also reduces the amount of solar radiation penetration. In addition, the roof and roof panels contain an insulating material to reduce cabin temperature, which helps conserve energy when the air conditioner is operating.

History

1st Generation (2002-2008)

Alphard produced by Toyota in 2002 to fight against Nissan Elgrand and Honda Elysion. With full electrical component features and complete comfort and safety features. Alphard is Toyota's best seller MPV in Japan. Alphard was facelifted in 2005 with new design of rear lamp and use alumunium alloy wheel of 16 and 17 inch this was the first time Toyota made the hybrid version of Alphard.

Engine

2AZ-FE 2.400 cc 4 cylinders 16 valve VVT-i 160 PS 195 Nm1

MZ-FE 3.000 cc V6 24 valve VVT-i 220 PS 310 Nm

Transmission4&5 speed automatic super ECT

DrivetrainFWD4WD

Dimension and weight

Length : 4.865 mm

Width : 1.830 mm

Height : 1.935 mm

Wheelbase : 2.900 mm

Weight : 1800 kg

2nd Generation (2008-present)

April 2008, that's the time when Alphard redesigned. With more elegant style of exterior, luxurious interior. And there is also another variant called Vellfire, which has slightly different exterior designs (such as the different grill and headlights) and interior decoration. Here are the detalis of Alphard 2nd generation.

Engine

2AZ-FE 2.400 cc 4 cylinders 16 valve VVT-i 170 PS 235 Nm2

GR-FE 3.500 cc V6 24 valve 280 PS 330 Nm

Transmission

6 speed automatic super ECT

7 speed automatic super CVT

Drivetrain

FWD4WD

Dimension

Length : 4.890 mm

Width : 1.830 mm

Height : 1.915 mm

Wheelbase : 2.915 mm

Weight : 1815 kg

From Wikipedia

Nissan Elgrand

First Generation

The first generation of the Nissan Elgrand is similar to the second with the VG33E engine matched with an older 4 speed automatic transmission. It housed an Inline four 16 valve engine with a DOHC valve train. Yet lacks the more modest technology of the new Elgrand and does not have Keyless go, xenon headlamps etc.

Second Generation

In Hong Kong presently (2007), 2 models are offered, the Elgrand XL and the Elgrand Highway Star which is an eight passenger variant. The Elgrand is packed with options including the AFS (Active Front Lighting System) that can also be found in the third generation Toyota Previa/Estima.The Elgrand comes in 6 different colors and is equipped with twin sunroofs and Xenon headlamps with the Auto on-off system. The base price of both the Elgrand XL and the Highway Star are the same at $486,800 Hong Kong Dollars.

The exterior of the Elgrand has changed a lot since its predecessor and is now equipped with remote controlled electronic doors, side mirrors with signal lights, a rear roof spoiler, and 16 (XL) or 17 (HWS) inch Aluminium Alloy rims. The new front styling (including new chrome front grill) gives the Elgrand an enhanced sporty look.

The interior features include captain seats, a nine speaker Bose sound system, and a DVD player with a nine inch screen. The Elgrand is also equipped with an eight inch LCD monitor at the front in the dashboard that provides Vehicle Information and is part of the Vehicle Information System (also known as VIS). Both versions also come with a heated drivers seat and a heated front passenger's seat as well. Electronic curtains can also be found on the Elgrand along with a genuine wood-grained leather steering wheel.

Like most of the newer models produced by Nissan, the Elgrand comes with the "Keyless-go" feature. This enhances convenience for the user. An optional GPS system for the Hong Kong and China Guandong province can be installed into the eight inch LCD screen in the dashboard.

The Elgrand uses a V6 3.5 liter VQ35DE engine from Nissan's VQ engine series combined with a five speed automatic transmission with manumatic shifting. It uses Multi link rear suspension along with a four-wheel ventilated disc brakes as the braking system.

From 1997 to 2002, the E50 Elgrand was rebadged as Isuzu Filly for the Japanese market exclusively. A filly is a young female horse, the male equivalent being colt.
From: Wikipedia

CONTROL

ETCS-i (Electronic Throttle Control System-intelligent)

The throttle body consists of a throttle valve, throttle position sensor that detects the throttle valve opening, throttle control motor that opens and closes the throttle valve, and a return spring that returns the throttle valve to a fixed position. The throttle motor employs a DC motor that has good responsiveness and consumes little power.The engine ECU controls the amount and direction of the current flowing to the throttle control motor, turns or holds the motor, and opens and closes the throttle valve via the reduction gear. The actual throttle valve opening is detected by the throttle position sensor, and this is fed back to the engine ECU.When current is not flowing to the motor, the return spring opens the valve to a fixed position (approx. 7°). However, during idling the valve is closed more than this fixed position.When the engine ECU detects a malfunction, it turns ON the malfunction indicator lamp in the combination meter while cutting off the power to the motor, but because the throttle valve is kept open to approx. 7°, the vehicle can still be driven to a safe location.The initial model with the ETCS-i used a magnetic clutch between the motor and the throttle valve, which could be used to connect to and disconnect from the motor. The ETCS-i controls the throttle valve opening angle to the optimum amount in accordance with the amount which the accelerator pedal is depressed.1.Normal-mode control, Power-mode control and Snow-mode controlBasically, the normal-mode is used, but the control switch can be used to switch to the snow-mode or power-mode.Normal-mode controlThis is the basic control that maintains a balance of easy operation and smooth driving.Snow-mode controlThis control keeps the throttle valve opening smaller than when in the normal-mode to prevent slipping when driving on a slippery road, such as a snowy road.Power-mode controlIn this mode the throttle valve is open much wider than in the normal-mode. Therefore, this provides a more direct response against the accelerator pedal operation and more powerful driving than the normal-mode. This mode is only provided in some models.

The ETCS-i controls the throttle valve opening angle to the optimum amount in accordance with the amount which the accelerator pedal is depressed.

Normal-mode control, Power-mode control and Snow-mode control

Basically, the normal-mode is used, but the control switch can be used to switch to the snow-mode or power-mode.

Normal-mode control

This is the basic control that maintains a balance of easy operation and smooth driving.

Snow-mode control

This control keeps the throttle valve opening smaller than when in the normal-mode to prevent slipping when driving on a slippery road, such as a snowy road.

Power-mode control

In this mode the throttle valve is open much wider than in the normal-mode. Therefore, this provides a more direct response against the accelerator pedal operation and more powerful driving than the normal-mode. This mode is only provided in some models.

This is the best Control of Throttle valve From Toyota, and out of Toyota we know is called Drive by wire

FUEL SYSTEM

ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION ( EFI )
Description
The EFI system uses various sensors to detect the engine condition and vehicle running condition. And the engine ECU calculates at the optimum fuel injection volume, and causes the injectors to inject the fuel.The figure shows the basic EFI configuration.
Engine ECU
This calculates the optimum fuel injection duration based on the signals from the sensors.
Air flow meter or manifold pressure sensor
This detects the intake air mass or manifold pressure.
Crankshaft position sensor
This detects the crank angle and engine speed.
Camshaft position sensor
This detects the standard crank angle and the camshaft timing.
Water temperature sensor
This detects the coolant temperature.Throttle position sensorThis detects the throttle valve opening angle.
Oxygen sensor
This detects the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas.

Types of EFI
There are two types of EFI system classified by the amount of the intake air detection method.
1.L-EFI (Air-flow control type)
This type uses an air flow meter to detect the amount of the air flowing in the intake manifold.There are two types of detection methods: One directly measures the intake air mass, and one makes corrections based on the air volume.
2.D-EFI (Manifold pressure control type)
This type measures the pressure in the intake manifold to detect the amount of the intake air using the intake air density.
Air Flow Meter
The L type of EFI is Used Air Flow Meter to measures the intake air mass, and one makes correction based on the air volume.The air flow meter is one of the most important sensors because it is used in L-type EFI to detect the intake air mass or volume.Signal of the intake air mass or volume is used to calculate the basic injection duration and basic ignition advance angle.The air flow meter is largely classified into two types, mass air flow meters that detect the intake air mass, and volume air flow meters,intake air mass, and volume air flow meters, respective types include the following.Mass air flow meter:Hot-wire typeVolume air flow meter:Vane type and optical Karman vortex type
Currently, most models use the hot-wire type of air flow meter because it has superior measurement accuracy, lighter weight, and better durability.

IGNITION SYSTEM

ELECTRONIC SPARK ADVANCE
Description

The ESA (Electronic Spark Advance) system is a system that uses the engine ECU to determine the ignition timing based on the signals from the various sensors.The engine ECU calculates the ignition timing from the optimum ignition timing stored in memory to match the engine conditions, and then sends the ignition signal to the igniter.The optimum ignition timing is basically determined using engine speed and intake air mass (manifold pressure).

The engine ECU (Electronic Control Unit) determines the ignition timing based on the G signal, NE signal and the signals from other various sensors.When the ignition timing has been determined, the engine ECU sends the IGT signal to the igniter.While the IGT signal sent to the igniter is ON, the primary current flows to the ignition coil. While the IGT signal turns off, the primary current to the ignition coil is shut off.At the same time, the IGF signal is sent to the engine ECU.Currently, the main ignition circuitry used is the DIS (Direct Ignition System).The engine ECU distributes the high-voltage current to the cylinders by sending each IGT signal to the igniters in the order of ignition.This makes it possible to provide highly accurate ignition timing control.